Can Cannabis Impact the Effectiveness of Birth Control?

The landscape of cannabis use is rapidly evolving. 

CDC indicates that cannabis continues to be the most frequently used substance classified as federally illegal in the United States. In 2021, approximately 52.5 million individuals, representing about 19% of the American population, reported having used cannabis at least once. This widespread use, particularly among women of reproductive age, raises important questions about its potential interactions with contraception.

Cannabis is known to affect various brain functions, including memory, learning, attention, coordination, decision-making, emotion, and reaction time. Given these effects, it is crucial to examine whether cannabis use can impact the effectiveness of birth control methods. 

This article discusses the science behind cannabis and contraception, explores the reliability of different contraceptive methods, and highlights key considerations for women using both.

How Does Birth Control Work?

Birth control methods vary in how they prevent pregnancy, with both hormonal and non-hormonal options available. Hormonal contraceptives, including pills, patches, injections, and intrauterine devices (IUDs), alter hormone levels to stop ovulation. 

Many hormonal birth control methods utilize a combination of estrogen and progestin to mimic pregnancy, thereby preventing the release of an egg from the ovaries. Additionally, some of these methods function by thickening the cervical mucus, which makes it more difficult for sperm to reach and fertilize an egg.

Non-hormonal contraceptives, such as condoms, diaphragms, and copper IUDs, function through physical or chemical means to block fertilization. Although these methods do not interact with hormones, their ability to prevent pregnancy relies on them being used consistently and correctly.

MedlinePlus highlights several key factors to consider when selecting a birth control method. These include an individual’s future plans regarding pregnancy, any pre-existing health conditions, the frequency of sexual activity, and the number of sexual partners. Additionally, it is important to consider the need for protection against sexually transmitted infections, any potential side effects, and the associated costs. 

Understanding these factors can help individuals make informed decisions about the best contraception for their needs.

Effectiveness of Various Birth Control Methods

The effectiveness of birth control depends on proper use and individual circumstances. Here’s how different methods compare:

However, effectiveness is not the only factor to consider when choosing birth control. TorHoerman Law notes that Depo-Provera, a popular injectable contraceptive, has also been linked to serious health concerns. The contraceptive has been associated with an increased risk of brain tumors, particularly intracranial meningiomas, prompting lawsuits against Pfizer Inc.

Depo-Provera lawsuit settlements in 2025 may range from $100,000 to $500,000 or more. The settlement amount can vary based on factors such as tumor severity, long-term health effects, and medical costs.

What We Know About Cannabis and Hormonal Birth Control

Research on cannabis’s impact on hormonal birth control remains limited, but existing studies provide some insights. Cannabis use may indirectly affect contraception by influencing hormone levels and user behavior, potentially reducing its effectiveness.

Hormonal Disruption: Studies conducted on animals indicate that marijuana has the potential to reduce levels of estrogen and progesterone. These two crucial hormones play a significant role in regulating the menstrual cycle and preventing pregnancy. If similar effects occur in humans, cannabis could interfere with hormonal contraceptives, making them less reliable.

Behavioral Factors: Cannabis use can impair memory and decision-making, increasing the likelihood of missing doses of oral contraceptives or neglecting barrier methods like condoms. Inconsistent use of birth control can significantly reduce its effectiveness and raise the risk of unintended pregnancy.

While much of the focus is on female reproductive health, Parents magazine highlights that research indicates cannabis is detrimental to sperm health. Lab studies and limited human trials have linked cannabis use to reduced sperm concentration and motility.

The scarcity of human trials is largely due to the federal classification of marijuana as a Schedule I drug, imposing stringent research requirements. This classification hinders comprehensive investigation into the full spectrum of cannabis’s effects on reproductive health for both men and women.

Key Considerations for Women Using Both

For women who use both cannabis and birth control, taking certain precautions can help minimize potential risks.

• Choose reliable methods: Long-acting reversible contraceptives (IUDs or implants) are less affected by behavioral factors like forgetting doses or inconsistent use.
  
• Consult healthcare providers: Discussing cannabis use with a doctor can help identify potential interactions and select the most suitable contraceptive method.
  
• Set reminders: Using alarms or apps can ensure timely administration of birth control pills or injections.
  

While no definitive evidence confirms risks associated with combining cannabis and birth control, some research suggests it may increase side effects. These may include nausea, headaches, bloating, and appetite changes. Cannabis has also been linked to a higher risk of yeast infections or bacterial vaginosis in women using combined oral contraceptives.

Frequently Asked Questions

Should I stop using cannabis if I’m on hormonal birth control? 

There’s no definitive evidence that cannabis directly reduces hormonal birth control effectiveness, but it may impact hormone levels and increase side effects. It can also affect consistency in taking contraceptives. Consult your doctor to assess potential risks and choose the best contraceptive method for your lifestyle and health needs.

Are some birth control methods more susceptible to cannabis interactions?

Yes, hormonal birth control methods like pills, patches, and injections may be more susceptible to cannabis interactions. Cannabis can potentially alter estrogen and progesterone levels, affecting contraceptive effectiveness. Additionally, impaired memory from cannabis use may lead to missed doses, reducing the reliability of short-term contraceptive methods.

How can I monitor potential contraceptive effectiveness? 

To monitor contraceptive effectiveness, track menstrual cycles, watch for irregular bleeding, and note any changes in mood or weight. Use reminders for consistent pill or injection schedules. Consult a doctor if side effects arise. Maintain regular medical check-ups, use additional protection methods, track menstrual cycles, and communicate openly with healthcare providers about substance use.

The relationship between cannabis and birth control is complex and not yet fully understood due to limited research. While there is no definitive evidence that cannabis reduces the efficacy of contraceptives, its potential impact on hormone levels and user behavior warrants caution. 

Women who use both should prioritize reliable methods like IUDs or implants and consult healthcare providers about possible interactions.

Understanding these dynamics allows women to make informed decisions about their reproductive health while enjoying the benefits of cannabis and effective contraception.